Addiction

In a clinical context, addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in a behavior or substance use despite adverse consequences, loss of control over use, and the presence of craving or withdrawal symptoms. It is recognized as a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors and is classified as a brain disorder.

Key Features of Addiction:

1. Compulsive Behavior: A strong, often overwhelming urge to engage in the addictive behavior (e.g., drug use, gambling) despite recognizing its harmful effects.

2. Loss of Control: Difficulty regulating the frequency, amount, or duration of the addictive behavior or substance use.

3. Continued Use Despite Consequences: Persistence in the behavior despite experiencing physical, emotional, relational, legal, or occupational harm.

4. Tolerance and Dependence:

   • Tolerance: Needing increasing amounts of the substance or activity to achieve the same effect.
   • Dependence: Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when the behavior or substance is reduced or stopped.

5. Craving: Intense desire or preoccupation with the substance or behavior.

Substance Use Disorder (SUD):

When referring to addiction related to substances, such as alcohol, opioids, or stimulants, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines Substance Use Disorder (SUD) as a pattern of use leading to significant impairment or distress, characterized by a range of behavioral, cognitive, and physical symptoms. Severity is categorized as mild, moderate, or severe based on the number of diagnostic criteria met.

Types of Addiction:

1. Substance Addiction: Related to drugs, alcohol, or other psychoactive substances.
2. Behavioral Addiction: Involving compulsive engagement in non-substance-related activities, such as gambling, internet use, shopping, or gaming.

Causes and Risk Factors:

• Biological: Genetic predisposition, neurochemical imbalances, or changes in brain structure (e.g., reward pathways).
• Psychological: Co-occurring mental health conditions (e.g., depression, anxiety, trauma).
• Environmental: Stressful life events, lack of social support, or early exposure to substance use.